{"id":767,"date":"2021-02-06T13:43:59","date_gmt":"2021-02-06T13:43:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/?p=767"},"modified":"2025-10-25T13:04:03","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T13:04:03","slug":"custodial-rape-in-light-of-the-mathura-gang-rape-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/custodial-rape-in-light-of-the-mathura-gang-rape-case\/","title":{"rendered":"CUSTODIAL RAPE IN LIGHT OF THE MATHURA GANG RAPE CASE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>By Nishtha Kheria and Varun Vikas Srivastav<\/em><\/strong><br><strong><em>Amity Law School, Noida<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we would like to look at the changes, which came after the monstrous incident took place, i.e.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2013\/11\/world\/india-rape\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mathura rape<\/a>. In the past years, there have been many attempts to bring changes in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-are-the-laws-on-rape-and-sexual-crimes\/article30233033.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">laws relating to rape<\/a>, but the question remains the same has there been any change in the law? If we look at the Supreme Court&#8217;s judgments, it is evident that the same ideology is still used as it was in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1092711\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mathura rape case<\/a>. The concepts related to the consent and the non-consent are still the vital issue because even the law changes have not able to address the passive consent. This article will cover why even the modifications bought in law has not been able to bring the changes in the rates of conviction. This is related to law and regards the cases that are not related to rape and is significantly based on sympathy and intentions. By the end of the article, it would be clear that the law is changing every day, but there is a need to mold it so that women&#8217;s development takes place as a subject to the law and not as an object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Keywords: Changes, Judgments, Conviction, Consent, Sympathy.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The whole women group had come together as one was when the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1092711\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Mathura rape case<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;took place[i], on 26th of March 1972, the Mathura rape case which was related to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/feminisminindia.com\/2019\/04\/16\/custodial-rape-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Custodial rape<\/a>&nbsp;had taken place where two policemen raped a girl who belonged to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/untouchable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Harijan Community<\/a> in the police station of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra after which the amendment named&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/5429\/1\/criminal_law_%28amendment%29_act%2C_1983.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">as the Criminal Law Amendment of 1983<\/a>&nbsp;had taken place in the rape laws.[ii]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Facts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, a girl whose name was Mathura who used to work as a labourer in the house for employment. While she was working there, she had developed sexual relations with the son of the place she worked with whose name was Ashok. After which Ashok and Mathura decided to get married. Mathura\u2019s brother had filed an FIR in the police station stating that Ashok had kidnapped her on 26th March 1972. After which, the police took Ashok and Mathura&#8217;s statements and asked all other constables to leave[iii].&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the incident had taken place, Mathura was correctly examined by the doctors, and it was said that there was no injury on her body. There were no pubic hair, or semen found instead strays of semen were found on her clothes. The estimated age of Mathura was around 14 to 16 years. [iv]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Issues<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The various issues in this case were:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Had Mathura&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/healthywa.wa.gov.au\/Articles\/A_E\/Consent-to-sexual-activity#:~:text=Consensual%20sex%20is%20when%20both,capacity%20to%20make%20that%20choice.&amp;text=Giving%20consent%20is%20active%2C%20not,your%20mind%20at%20any%20time.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">consented for sexual intercourse<\/a>?<\/li><li>Will the accused get charged with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1279834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">section 376 of the Indian penal code<\/a>?<\/li><li>Will the acts of the police officers be addressed as rape?<\/li><li>The decision of the court of acquitting the accused validly?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Arguments<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This case argued that the session court had said that the intercourse had taken place with consent because she wanted to fulfil her sexual desires. After which the high court had reversed the trial court&#8217;s decision and had held that the sexual intercourse has not consented and was rape. Later, as per the shreds of evidence presented to the supreme court, it was said that Mathura was habitual of sexual intercourse. Both the accused were acquitted and were not charged with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1279834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 376 of the Indian penal code<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Analysis of Section 376 of IPC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In cases which are provided in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1677485\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sub-Section (2)<\/a>&nbsp;then they will be punished with an imprisonment of a term which is not less than seven years or which can extend to ten years and will even have to pay fine until he has not raped his wife or is under the age of twelve years then he will be punished for about imprisonment of two years or with fine or both if the court has a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/376\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">specific reason<\/a>&nbsp;then they can be imprisoned for less than seven years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The analysis before the&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iitk.ac.in\/wc\/data\/TheCriminalLaw.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>amendment of criminal law 2013<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rape laws have changed a lot of time before attaining the present condition of the criminal law amendment 2013. This amendment took place after the rape case of a physiotherapist in Delhi.&nbsp;<strong><u>Nirbhaya case shook the nation &#8211; March 2014<\/u><\/strong>. Judiciary<em> spurred into action and laws were strengthened for sex offenders.<\/em>&nbsp;Four out of the five accused in the horrific gang-rape case of Nirbhaya were convicted and given the death sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The case also resulted in the introduction of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 which provides for the amendment of the definition of rape under the Indian Penal Code, 1860; Code of Criminal Procedures, 1973; the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rape is defined under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/623254\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 375 of the Indian penal code.<\/a>&nbsp;Rape refers to the act where sexual intercourse takes place with a woman without taking permission and doing through force or fear. Due to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1092711\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tukaram vs state of Maharashtra (Mathura rape case)<\/a>&nbsp;the amendment of 1983 was brought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to this case, the amendments had taken place in the evidence act and the Indian penal code. In the Indian penal code, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.advocatekhoj.com\/library\/bareacts\/criminallawamendment\/9.php?Title=Criminal%20Law%20%28Amendment%29%20Act,%202013&amp;STitle=For%20sections%20375,376,376A,%20376B,%20376Cand%20376D%20of%20the%20Penal%20Code,%20the%20following%20sections%20shall%20be%20substituted,%20namely#:~:text=Whoever%20has%20sexual%20intercourse%20with,shall%20also%20be%20liable%20to\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">section 376 A to D<\/a>&nbsp;was added, and in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1586025\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence act section 114A<\/a>&nbsp;was added. Before the amendment of 2013 took place, rape was referred to as the non-consensual sexual intercourse between man and woman. [v]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rape law after the amendment of criminal law 2013<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The amendment of the criminal law 2013 has even provided an amendment in the Indian penal code, evidence act, and the code of criminal procedure related to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thelogicalindian.com\/story-feed\/awareness\/sexualt-assault-laws#:~:text=Explanation%20%E2%80%94%20Penetration%20is%20sufficient%20to,to%20the%20offence%20of%20rape.&amp;text=As%20per%20the%20provisions%2C%20before,would%20not%20constitute%20as%20rape.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">laws of sexual offences<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to the cases, there was a widespread protest in society because the lawmakers were forced to amend the rape laws. The sole purpose of the amendment was to make the punishments of rape stricter and not to broaden the definition of rape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to the new amendment now the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/blog\/updated-definition-rape#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20penetration%2C%20no%20matter%20how,women%20being%20raped%20by%20men.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">definition of rape<\/a>&nbsp;includes the punishment for all the kinds of penetration in any part of a girl&#8217;s body. This even includes that according to the fifth law commission report, any penetration would consent would be referred to as rape. [vi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2018 a Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance was introduced, which amended the Indian Penal Code 1860. The punishment provided for the rape of women was increased from seven years to ten years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If rape or gang rape occurs on girls below the age of 12, the perpetrators will suffer a punishment of minimum imprisonment of twenty years and can even get extended up to life imprisonment or the death penalty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rape or Gang rape of girls below 16 years of age will also suffer imprisonment of twenty years or life imprisonment. This new ordinance had increased the punishment for girls, but the punishment for rape of boys has still experienced no change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Key features of this ordinance are that it amends<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Acid Attack(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Section_326_A_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sections326A<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ipleaders.in\/gst-register-returns-refunds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">326B<\/a>)<\/li><li>Rape (Section375,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1279834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">376<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/668689\/\">376A<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/396\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">376B<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1553346\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">376C<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/376D\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">376D<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/376E\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">376E<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/li><li>Attempt to commit rape (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1279834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 376<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1185693\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">511<\/a>)<\/li><li>&nbsp;Kidnapping and abduction for different purposes (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/619940\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sections 363<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/530949\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">373<\/a>)<\/li><li>Murder, Dowry death, Abetment of Suicide, etc. (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1560742\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sections 302<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/653797\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">304B<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/92983\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">306<\/a>)<\/li><li>Cruelty by husband or his relatives (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/538436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 498A<\/a>)<\/li><li>Outraging the modesty of women (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/203036\/\">Section 354<\/a>)<\/li><li>Sexual harassment (<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/354A\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 354A<\/a>)<\/li><li>Assault on women with intent to disrobe a woman (<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/354B\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 354B<\/a>)<\/li><li>Voyeurism (<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/354C\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 354C<\/a>)<\/li><li>&nbsp;Stalking (<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/354D\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 354D<\/a>)<\/li><li>Importation of girls up to 21 years of age (<a href=\"https:\/\/devgan.in\/ipc\/section\/366B\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 366B<\/a>)<\/li><li>Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/68146\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Section 509<\/a>).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Special provisions to protect women and their interests-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/1661\/1\/1956104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/5556\/1\/dowry_prohibition.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Dowry (Prohibition) Act, 1961<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/chdslsa.gov.in\/right_menu\/act\/pdf\/childmarriage.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/act\/indecent-representation-women\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/act\/commission-sati-prevention-act-and-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/chdslsa.gov.in\/right_menu\/act\/pdf\/domviolence.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/indiacode.nic.in\/handle\/123456789\/2104?view_type=browse&amp;sam_handle=123456789\/1362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/sites\/default\/files\/POCSO%20Act%2C%202012.pdf\">POCSO Act, 2012<\/a>, and other laws related to the rape of women. The POCSO, Act states that the higher punishment between the POCSO Act and the IPC will apply to minors&#8217; rape.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reasons for enactment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.prsindia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/bill_files\/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Bill_as_passed_by_LS.pdf\">The criminal law amendment bill 2013<\/a> was formed because of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com\/gang+rape\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">brutal gang rape<\/a>&nbsp;and the death of the physiotherapist in Delhi led to the amendment of the laws related to sexual offences in the country. This new act has mainly amended <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/handle\/123456789\/1611?sam_handle=123456789\/1362\">the Indian penal code, code of criminal procedure<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/handle\/123456789\/2188?sam_handle=123456789\/1362\">Indian evidence act<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a <a href=\"https:\/\/thewire.in\/gender\/supreme-court-rape-sex-work\">case in 2016<\/a>, there was a case pertains to an allegation of rape by a woman in Bangalore 19 years ago. While the Sessions Court had acquitted the three men accused, the Karnataka high court later sentenced them to life imprisonment. The Supreme Court has set aside the high court judgment and set free the accused, citing reasons including inconsistencies in the woman\u2019s statements, hostile witnesses, and the medical report conducted after the incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Judgment was given by the session court<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The session court had said that the girl was habitual of sexual intercourse and the intercourse between the accused and the girl was done by consent; therefore, both the accused are not liable for the offense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Judgment was given by the high court<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The judgment given by the session court was then reversed by the high court of Bombay stating that the sexual intercourse taken place was not by consent instead, it was rape. It was proved by evidence that the accused were unknown to Mathura then how can she have sexual intercourse with them through consent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Judgment by the supreme court<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;The supreme court had again reversed the order of the high court and said that the sexual intercourse was a consented one and not rape thus agreeing with the session court decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Loopholes in the judgment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;In the case of Mathura rape case, the various loopholes which should have been taken into consideration were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The acquittal was granted to the accused by the supreme court on the sole ground that the girl did not have any injuries; therefore it is not rape.<\/li><li>It is not a valid reason that there was no alarm for help by the girl then it was consensual intercourse between the police and the girl.<\/li><li>The greatest loophole was that the accused should have been provided harsher punishments as related to the criminal law amendment.<\/li><li>The judiciary system should take proper steps in the case of the minors and the majors in such offenses.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Organizations in India helping women in cases of Molestation, Sexual Abuse, and Violence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2020 there are various organizations formed for the assisting of women and children during their distress and victims of the Molestation, Sexual Abuse, and Violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Some of these organizations and NGOs are<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guriaindia.org\/\">National Commission for Women Guria India<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacustomercare.com\/women-helpline-numbers\">Women Helpline (All India)- Women in India<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.prajnya.in\/\">The Pranjya Trust<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.actionaidindia.org\/\">Action Aid India<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snehalaya.org\/\">Snehalaya<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.majlislaw.com\/\">Majlis<\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/azadfoundation.com\/\">Azad Foundation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrw.org\/\">International Center for Research on Women<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aasra.info\/\">Aasra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/snehamumbai.org\/\">SNEHA<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of the Mathura gang rape case, the victims were acquitted by the appellate courts. If we&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawctopus.com\/academike\/comparison-critical-analysis-rape-laws-criminal-law-amendment-2013\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">compare both the legislations of both before 2013 and after 2013<\/a>&nbsp;then there is a drastic change in the laws related to rape. The Mathura rape case was a case that had received a lot of criticism after the independence and because of which the amendment took place in the criminal law. Then finally after the Delhi gang-rape case in 2013, the laws related to rape have not only changed but the definition of rape has changed and has widened its scope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[i]B. Suguna (1 January 2009).&nbsp;<em>Women S Movements<\/em>. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 66\u2013. ISBN 978-81-8356-425-0. Retrieved 9 June 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[ii]Basu, Moni (8 November 2013). &#8220;The Girl Whose Rape Changed A Country&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>CNN<\/em>. Retrieved 7 December 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[iii]Maya Majumdar (1 January 2005).&nbsp;<em>Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment<\/em>. Sarup &amp; Sons. pp. 297\u2013. ISBN 978-81-7625-548-6. Retrieved 9 June 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[iv]Kamini Jaiswal (12 October 2008). &#8220;Mathura rape case&#8221;. The Sunday Indian. Retrieved 5 June 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[v]&#8221;Rape law, a double-edged sword in India&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>CNN-IBN<\/em>. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[vi]Sarah Gamble (ed.) (2001).&nbsp;<em>The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Post feminism<\/em>. Routledge. ISBN 0415243106.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Nishtha Kheria and Varun Vikas SrivastavAmity Law School, Noida Abstract: In this article, we would like to look at the changes, which came after the monstrous incident took place, i.e.&nbsp;Mathura rape. In the past years, there have been many attempts to bring changes in the&nbsp;laws relating to rape, but the question remains the same [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":768,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-talks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=767"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":769,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/767\/revisions\/769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/takhte.in\/VoiceofViews\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}